Important Literary Terms 

1. Allegory: An allegory is a story, poem, or picture that has a hidden meaning or moral lesson. Characters and events often represent abstract ideas or concepts.

2. Characterization: Characterization is the process of creating and developing characters in a story. It involves describing their traits, motivations, and personalities.

3. Couplet: A couplet is two lines of poetry that rhyme and often have the same meter. They are often used together to form a complete thought or idea.

4. Fable: A fable is a short story that teaches a moral lesson, usually involving animals that talk and act like humans.

5. Figurative language: Figurative language is language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. It includes metaphors, similes, and personification.

6. Genre: Genre refers to the category or type of literature, such as fiction, nonfiction, poetry, drama, or fantasy.

7. Humor: Humor is the quality of being amusing or funny. It can be used in literature to entertain, lighten the mood, or convey satire.

8. Irony: Irony is when the opposite of what is expected happens or is said, often for humorous or dramatic effect.

9. Metaphor: A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things by saying one thing is another.

10. Myth: A myth is a traditional story that explains natural phenomena, customs, beliefs, or the origins of the world or people.

11. Mythology: Mythology is the collection of myths belonging to a particular culture or religion.

12. Narrative: A narrative is a story or account of events, experiences, or interactions.

13. Nonfiction: Nonfiction is literature that is based on facts, real events, and real people, rather than being fictional.

14. Rhyme scheme: Rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem.

15. Satire: Satire is a literary technique that uses humor, irony, or ridicule to criticize or mock people, institutions, or society.

16. Satiric comedy: Satiric comedy is a type of comedy that uses satire to poke fun at or criticize society or individuals.

17. Setting: Setting is the time and place in which a story takes place.

18. Simile: A simile is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things using the words "like" or "as."

19. Stanza: A stanza is a group of lines in a poem that form a unit, similar to a paragraph in prose.

20. Tone: Tone is the author's attitude or feelings toward the subject of the writing.

21. Tragedy: Tragedy is a genre of literature that deals with serious and somber themes, often involving the downfall of a noble character.

22. Plot: Plot is the sequence of events that make up a story, including the exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.

23. Riddle: A riddle is a question or statement that requires thought and creativity to solve, often with a clever or amusing answer.

24. Ballad: A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, often with a simple and repetitive structure, and often set to music.

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Class Nine: Literary Devices

Literary Devices

It Will be helpful for Activity 2.4.1

Some explanations are given below for better understanding the literature for the students. 

1. Simile: A simile is a comparison between two things using the words "like" or "as." 

For example, "Her smile was as bright as the sun."

2. Imagery: Imagery is when an author uses words to create vivid pictures or sensations in the reader's mind. It helps readers imagine what the author is describing. 

For example, "The trees whispered in the wind" creates a visual and auditory image.

3. Metaphor: A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two things by saying one thing is another. Unlike a simile, it doesn't use "like" or "as." 

For example, "The world is a stage."

4. Alliteration: Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of neighboring words. It creates a musical or rhythmic effect in writing. 

For example, "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."

5. Symbolism: Symbolism is when something, like an object, person, or idea, represents something else. It's often used to convey deeper meanings or themes. 

For example, a dove is a symbol of peace.

6. Personification: Personification is when human characteristics are given to non-human things, like animals, objects, or ideas. It helps bring them to life in writing. 

For example, "The wind whispered secrets through the trees."

Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2 (The influence of women in our community)

 Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2 
Topic: 6
The influence of women in our community

Fact based passage: 

In the Bangladeshi community, women play a vital role that touches many parts of society, economy, and culture. While traditionally, Bangladeshi society has been seen as mostly run by men, the role of women has changed a lot over time.

At home, Bangladeshi women often take charge of family decisions and care for everyone's well-being, including education and healthcare. Even though there are old-fashioned ideas about what women should do, more and more women in Bangladesh are becoming important parts of family choices, challenging old ideas and making things more equal.

Education is an area where Bangladeshi women are really making a difference. More women are going to school now, which helps them get better jobs and have more say in things. This helps the whole community grow and get better.

In jobs, Bangladeshi women are working hard too. Many work in the garment industry, which is a big part of the country's economy. Also, more women are starting their own businesses and leading companies, which helps the economy grow and changes how women are seen at work.

Opinion based passage: 

I agree that the influence of women in the Bangladeshi community is both deep and transformative. In Bangladeshi society, women have always been essential in shaping cultural, social, and economic aspects. 

At home, Bangladeshi women are the foundation of the family, going beyond traditional roles to make important decisions, care for everyone, and strengthen family ties. Their resilience and strength are crucial for the unity and stability of Bangladeshi families.

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Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2 (Relationship with my parents)

 Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2 
Topic: 5
Relationship with my parents

Fact Based Passage: 

The bond I share with my parents is built on love, respect, and our shared customs. We treasure our heritage and enjoy a warm family connection.

My parents are deeply involved in my education, providing support and motivation to succeed academically. In our family, there's a strong emphasis on doing well in school to ensure a promising future. Our relationship strikes a balance between nurturing my personal goals and meeting the expectations of society.

Opinion Based Passage: 

The relationship between parents and their children is deeply personal and can bring up a mix of feelings. For me, my bond with my parents is all about love, trust, and their guidance.

I see my parents as mentors who have shaped who I am today. Their love and support have given me a sense of security and belonging. While open communication and respect are key to a healthy relationship, sometimes I feel overwhelmed by their expectations or criticisms.

I believe parents should continue to support and guide their children as they grow up. Their wisdom and life experience are valuable, and I appreciate their insights into life's challenges.

Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2 (Human Activities that affect the Environment)

 Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2
Topic: 4
 Human Activities that affect the Environment

Fact Based passage: 

Human activities have a big effect on the environment, causing lots of changes and challenges. Here are some facts about how human activities affect the environment:

- Cutting down forests for farming and cities destroys animals' homes, reduces the variety of living things, and adds to climate change by releasing carbon into the air.

- Factories and machines that burn fossil fuels or make chemicals let out harmful stuff that pollutes the air and water and makes climate change worse.

- Farming with lots of chemicals can make water and soil dirty and ruin them. Raising animals for food also makes a gas called methane that's not good for the air.

- Making cities bigger takes up lots of land and stuff, like trees and water. It also makes cities hotter than the areas around them.

- Making and throwing away trash can make land, air, and water dirty and make people sick. It also hurts the environment.

Opinion Based Passage: 

Human activities and their impact on the environment are topics that bring up different opinions. Some people say we need to act right away to fix environmental problems, while others think the issues aren't as serious as some say.

People who care about the environment say human activities have really hurt it, like cutting down forests, making pollution, and changing habitats. They say we need to fix these problems fast to stop climate change, save animals, and make sure Earth can stay healthy for the future.

People who want to conserve the environment say we need to use less stuff, make less trash, and use cleaner energy. They think everyone, from individuals to big groups, needs to work together to protect the environment. They want rules and laws that stop bad things from happening and make it easier to do good stuff for the planet.

But, some people think we don't need to worry as much about the environment. They say technology and humans can figure out how to deal with problems. They don't think climate predictions are right, and they say it costs too much to make strict rules about the environment.

Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2 (Students' responsibility towards Community)

 Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2 

Topic 3

Students' responsibility towards Community

Fact Based Passage :

 

The responsibility of students towards their community is a topic that brings up different opinions. Some people think it's really important for students to get involved in their communities, while others wonder how much they should do.

People who support student involvement say it helps them learn to care about others and be good citizens. They think students should help out by volunteering, joining community projects, and working with local groups. Doing these things can help students understand what's going on in society and inspire them to make a difference.

Supporters also say that being involved in their communities helps students learn important skills like talking to people, working in teams, leading others, and solving problems. It also helps them see things from different perspectives and understand different cultures, which is important in today's world.

So, when students help out in their communities, it's not just good for the community itself, but it also helps students become better, caring leaders for the future.

On the other hand, some people believe that while it's nice for students to help out in their communities, it shouldn't be something they have to do as part of their education. They think students already have a lot of work to do, and adding more responsibilities could make it harder for them to do well in school.

Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2 (Online or Offline Class)

 2. Online or offline class
Fact Based Passage: 

The debate between online and offline classes in education is still going on, and both ways have good and bad points. Here are some facts to think about when comparing them:

- Online classes let students get to study stuff and listen to lessons from anywhere with internet. This is great for people with busy lives or who can't go to regular classes because of where they live.

- Offline classes happen in a real classroom, where students and teachers are together in person. This lets them talk face-to-face, have discussions, and get feedback right away, which can make learning better.

- Online classes usually happen on the internet, and the setup can be changed to fit how different students like to learn. Some students might like online classes more because they can learn in a way that works best for them, while others might prefer being in a real classroom with a teacher.

Opinion Based Passage: 

The choice between online and offline classes in education sparks different opinions, with strong arguments on both sides. Each way of learning has its pros and cons, and what's best often depends on personal situations.

- Online classes give students flexibility and convenience, letting them learn at their own speed. This makes it easier to juggle studying with work, family, or other things. Plus, they can be cheaper because students don't have to travel.

- Supporters of online classes say they're more inclusive, letting students from different places and backgrounds access education. Online learning also uses cool stuff like videos and interactive tools to make learning fun.

- But, some people think traditional offline classes are better because they offer a more complete and effective learning environment. Being in a real classroom lets students talk to teachers and classmates right away, which helps them understand better and learn important skills like problem-solving.

Class Nine: Activity 1.4.2 (Impacts of Technology on students

 Session 2

Topic: Impacts of Technology on students

Fact Based Passage: 

The impact of technology on students has been huge and varied in recent years. Technology is now a big part of education, changing how students learn and interact with their studies. Here are some important facts about how technology affects students:

1. The internet and other tech tools give students easy access to lots of information and educational stuff. This helps them learn about many different subjects and topics.

2. Technology lets students have personalized learning experiences. They can use special programs that adapt to how they learn and give them feedback that's just for them. They can also get resources that fit their needs and how they like to learn.

Opinion Based Passage: 

The effects of technology on students have led to ongoing discussions and debates, with different opinions on the matter. While technology has brought many improvements and benefits to education, people have different views on its overall impact.

Some people see technology as a helpful tool that makes learning better for students. It gives them access to lots of information and educational stuff, so they can learn more about different subjects. Online tools like digital books and educational apps make learning more interesting and fun, and they work well for different ways of learning. Also, technology lets students learn from far away, which has been really helpful during the COVID-19 pandemic.

People who support using technology in education say it helps students learn how to use technology, which is super important nowadays. Students who know how to use technology will be more ready for jobs in the future where they'll need those skills. Plus, technology helps students and teachers work together and talk to each other, no matter where they are. It helps break down barriers and lets students learn with people from all over the world.

But, not everyone thinks technology is all good for students. Some people worry that spending too much time looking at screens can cause health problems like tired eyes and not moving enough. Also, always getting lots of information from devices might make it hard for students to focus and pay attention for long. People who don't like using technology in education also worry that not all the stuff online is true, and there's a lot of wrong information out there, like fake news.

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Written by

M.S. Shaown

Assistant Teacher (English)

Comilla Modern High School, Comilla. 

Class Nine Activity 1.1.1 Opinion Matters

 Class Nine (New curriculum) 

Activity 1.1.1
Opinion Matters
Image 2 

National Memorial

The Fact (প্রকৃত তথ্য)

The National Memorial is a big place to honor the heroes of the Liberation War. It's spread across 34 hectares, with an extra 10 hectares of greenery around it. Inside, there's a tall minaret, surrounded by lakes and gardens. The memorial also has ten mass graves for the unknown heroes who died for their country. Plus, there's an open stage, a reception room, a mosque, a helipad, and a cafeteria.

My thoughts on The National Memorial (আমার ধারণা)

The National Memorial of Bangladesh means a lot to me because it represents how brave and strong the people of Bangladesh were during the 1971 Liberation War. When I visit the memorial, I feel proud and thankful for the freedom fighters who fought so bravely for our independence. The peaceful surroundings help me think about all the lives that were lost during the war.

Image 3: Bangabandhu Satelite-1
The Fact: 

Bangabandhu Satellite-1 is Bangladesh's first satellite that stays in one spot above Earth. It helps to improve phone and TV services in Bangladesh and nearby places. The satellite was made by a French company called Thales Alenia Space and launched on May 11, 2018 from the Kennedy Space Center in the USA. It's on a Space X Falcon 9 rocket. This satellite provides different services like direct-to-home TV, VSAT communication, and internet connections. It's a big deal for Bangladesh because it shows the country can do space stuff now.

My Thought:

I'm really proud of Bangladesh's progress in technology, especially with the successful launch and use of the Bangabandhu Satellite-1. It shows how far our country has come in space technology. This satellite can help bring internet and TV to places that don't have them easily. It can also be used for education, healthcare, government services online, and help businesses connect better, which can help our economy grow.

Image 4: Alexander Graham Bell
The Fact: 

Alexander Graham Bell got the first US patent for inventing the telephone on March 7, 1876. His patent number is 174,465. When he first used the phone, he said to his helper, Thomas Watson, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you." He made the phone by studying how sound travels from his work with harmonic telegraphs. Another inventor, Elisha Gray, also tried to patent the telephone on the same day as Bell, which led to a big legal fight. But in the end, Bell won the rights to the patent.

My thought: 

I think Bell's invention of the telephone is one of the biggest inventions ever. It made it easier for people to talk to each other, whether they were far away or close by. The telephone helped businesses and people connect better, and it changed how we communicate and do things. It made it possible for us to talk in real-time, even if we're far apart, and it transformed how businesses work and how we stay connected with each other.

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Written by 

M.S. Shaown Sir

Assistant Teacher

Comilla Modern High School, Comilla. 

বর্জন ভারতীয় পন্য

 বর্জন ভারতীয় পন্য
এম এস শাওন

ভারতীয় পন্য করলে বর্জন, 
বাংলাদেশ করবে স্বাবলম্বিতা অর্জন। 

বর্জন করে ভারতীয় গরু,
গড়ে উঠেছে আমাদের দেশিয় খামার বহু। 

বন্ধ করে দিয়ে ভারতীয় ভিসা, 
কলকাতায় বসে বাবুরা মারে মশা। 

চিকিৎসার জন্য আগে যেতাম ভারতে
আর এখন,  যাই আমরা থাইল্যান্ড বা সিংগাপুরে। 

ভ্রমনেও কি আমরা কোনো অংশে কম! 
ভারতকে টপকে যাই নেপাল, ভুটান কিংবা United Kingdom । 

প্রিয় বাবু মহোদয়, যদিও তোমরা আমাদের বন্ধু বলো
বুকে টেনে নিয়ে তোমাদেরই স্বার্থ উদ্দার করো। 

আতিথেয়তায় বাংলাদেশ বিশ্ব সেরা
নিজ দেশের ইলিশ পাঠিয়ে প্রমাণ করেছি আমরা। 

করলাম বর্জন আমরা ভারতীয় পন্য
প্রয়োজনে উৎসগ্র করব প্রাণ স্বদেশের জন্য।

Teachers

 The Teacher should be like that

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